Insuficiencia suprarrenal secundaria persistente tras tratamiento prolongado con corticoides / Chronic secondary suprarrenal failure after prolonged corticosteroid treatment

Los glucocorticoides son fármacos frecuentemente usados de forma crónica para el tratamiento de enfermedades autoinmunes, hematológicas y neoplasias avanzadas. Sin embargo, representan una causa común de insuficiencia suprarrenal terciaria. Por lo tanto, la terapia de reemplazo corticoidea puede ser frecuente tras la administración crónica de glucocorticoides. Presentamos el caso clínico de una paciente de 65 años en tratamiento crónico con glucocorticoides debido a una sarcoidosis pulmonar diagnosticada en 2012. A pesar de la reducción gradual del tratamiento, una vez que la patología estaba en remisión, la paciente es diagnosticada de insuficiencia suprarrenal ante la persistencia de clínica de astenia intensa y sudoración profusa y haber descartado una reactivación de su proceso. Se debe sospechar Insuficiencia suprarrenal en todo paciente que ha estado en tratamiento crónico con tratamiento glucocorticoideo. La retirada gradual del tratamiento con glucocorticoides a lo largo de las semanas es una práctica comúnmente extendida que minimiza el riesgo de Insuficiencia suprarrenal pero no lo anula. La determinación del cortisol basal al menos 18 horas de la última dosis de glucocorticoides puede ser útil para evaluar el eje hipofisario-adrenal y retirar con seguridad el tratamiento con glucocorticoides.(AU)

Glucocorticoids are drugs widely used chronically to treat various autoimmune, haematological conditions and advanced malignancies. Nevertheless, glucocorticoids are considered a common cause of tertiary adrenal insufficiency. Therefore, patients may require glucocorticoid replacement therapy after chronic use of glucocorticoids. We report the clinical case of a 65-year-old patient on chronic glucocorticoid treatment due to pulmonary sarcoidosis diagnosed in 2012. Despite gradual tapering of treatment once the main disease was in remission, the patient was diagnosed with adrenal insufficiency due to persistent clinical symptoms of intense asthenia and profuse sweating once reactivation of her disease was ruled out. Adrenal insufficiency should be suspected in every patient on chronic glucocorticoid treatment. Gradual tapering of glucocorticoid treatment over weeks is a common clinical practice that minimizes the risk of adrenal insufficiency but does not eliminate it completely. Determination of basal cortisol at least 18 hours after the last dose of glucocorticoid may be useful to evaluate the pituitary-adrenal axis and safely withdraw glucocorticoid treatment.(AU)

Comparación de los efectos inducidos sobre la calciuria por tiazidas y diferentes dosis de sal en la dieta: implicaciones en la práctica clínica / A comparison of induced effects on urinary calcium by thiazides and different dietary salt doses: Implications in clinical practice

Introducción: La restricción de ClNa en la dieta y el tratamiento con tiazidas han sido utilizados en pacientes hipercalciúricos. Objetivos: Conocer la ingesta habitual de sal y la correlación entre natriuria y calciuria con la dieta habitual (B) y tras la modificación de la cantidad de ClNa y la administración de tiazidas. Material y métodos: Diecinueve jóvenes sanos, a los que se les sustituyó su dieta por 2 l diarios de Nutrison(R) Low Sodium (500 mg de Na) durante 2 días. Posteriormente se añadieron cada 2 días 5 g de ClNa ("5", "10" y "15") y durante los 2 últimos días 50 y 100 mg de Higrotona(R) (H50) y (H100). Se determinaron iones, ARP y aldosterona en sangre venosa, así como la natriuria y calciuria. Valoración estadística: se calcula la t de Wilcoxon y la correlación lineal de Pearson. Resultados: Natriuria (mEq/24h): 210,3 ± 87,6 ("B"); 42,7 ± 20,4 ("5"); 135,5 ± 50,6 ("10"); 225,5 ± 56,7 ("15"). Calciuria (mg/24h): 207,8 ± 93,6 ("B"); 172,8 ± 63,1 ("5"); 206,2 ± 87,7 ("10"); 227,4 ± 84,1 ("15"). Correlación positiva entre natriuria y calciuria en "10" (r = 0,47) y en "15" (r = 0,67). Tras Higrotona(R), natriuria: 232,3 ± 50,7; 377 ± 4 (H50); 341,1 ± 68,4 (H100); Ca en orina: 209,8 ± 57,4; 213,2 ± 67,6 (H50); 159,1 ± 52,2 (H100). Conclusiones: La ingesta de sal en la población estudiada es de 14,9 ± 4,9 g/día. Encontramos correlación entre natriuria y calciuria con ingestas de 11,25 y 16,25 g de sal. Con la ingesta habitual, por cada gramo de sal aumenta la calciuria 5,46 mg y con 100 mg de Higrotona(R), la calciuria disminuye 50,7 mg/24 h. Los datos podrían ser de utilidad para el manejo de pacientes con hipercalciuria excretora o hipoparatiroidismo

Introduction: Both dietary restriction of sodium chloride (NaCl) and treatment with thiazides have been used in hypercalciuric patients. Objectives: To calculate regular salt intake and investigate the correlation between natriuresis and urinary calcium with usual diet (B) and after changing the amount of NaCl intake and administration of thiazides. Material and methods: Nineteen healthy young individuals had their diet replaced by 2l of Nutrison(R) Low Sodium (500 mg sodium/day) daily for two days. Then, 5 g of NaCl were added every two days ("5", "10" and "15"), administering 50 mg (H50) and 100 mg (H100) of Higroton(R) on the last two days. Blood sodium, plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone were determined in venous blood samples, as were urinary sodium and calcium. Statistical analysis: Wilcoxon t-test and the Pearson linear correlation were calculated. Results: Urinary Na (mEq/24h): 210.3 ± 87.6 ("B"); 42.7±20.4 ("5"); 135.5±50.6 ("10"); 225.5±56.7 ("15"). Urinary calcium (mg/24h): 207.8±93.6 ("B"); 172.8±63.1 ("5"); 206.2±87.7 ("10"); 227.4±84.1 ("15"). A positive correlation was observed between natriuresis and urinary calcium in "10" (r = 0.47) and "15" (r = 0.67). After Higroton(R), natriuresis: 232.3 ± 50.7; 377 ± 4 (H50); 341.1±68.4 (H100); Ca in urine: 209.8 ± 57.4; 213.2 ± 67.6 (H50); 159.1 ± 52.2 (H100). Conclusions: Salt intake in the population studied was estimated to be 14.9 ± 4.9 g/day with a positive correlation found between sodium and calcium urine output with daily intakes of 11.25 and 16.25g of salt. With the usual intake, for each gram of salt, urinary calcium increased by 5.46 mg/24 h and with 100 mg of Higroton(R) it decreased by 50.7 mg/24h. These data could be useful for the management of patients with excretory hypercalciuria or hypoparathyroidism

A comparison of induced effects on urinary calcium by thiazides and different dietary salt doses: Implications in clinical practice. / Comparación de los efectos inducidos sobre la calciuria por tiazidas y diferentes dosis de sal en la dieta: implicaciones en la práctica clínica.

INTRODUCTION: Both dietary restriction of sodium chloride (NaCl) and treatment with thiazides have been used in hypercalciuric patients. OBJECTIVES: To calculate regular salt intake and investigate the correlation between natriuresis and urinary calcium with usual diet (B) and after changing the amount of NaCl intake and administration of thiazides. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Nineteen healthy young individuals had their diet replaced by 2l of Nutrison® Low Sodium (500mg sodium/day) daily for two days. Then, 5g of NaCl were added every two days («5¼, «10¼ and «15¼), administering 50mg (H50) and 100mg (H100) of Higroton® on the last two days. Blood sodium, plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone were determined in venous blood samples, as were urinary sodium and calcium. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Wilcoxon t-test and the Pearson linear correlation were calculated. RESULTS: Urinary Na (mEq/24h): 210.3±87.6 («B¼); 42.7±20.4 («5¼); 135.5±50.6 («10¼); 225.5±56.7 («15¼). Urinary calcium (mg/24h): 207.8±93.6 («B¼); 172.8±63.1 («5¼); 206.2±87.7 («10¼); 227.4±84.1 («15¼). A positive correlation was observed between natriuresis and urinary calcium in «10¼ (r=0.47) and «15¼ (r=0.67). After Higroton®, natriuresis: 232.3±50.7; 377±4 (H50); 341.1±68.4 (H100); Ca in urine: 209.8±57.4; 213.2±67.6 (H50); 159.1±52.2 (H100). CONCLUSIONS: Salt intake in the population studied was estimated to be 14.9±4.9g/day with a positive correlation found between sodium and calcium urine output with daily intakes of 11.25 and 16.25g of salt. With the usual intake, for each gram of salt, urinary calcium increased by 5.46 mg/24 h and with 100mg of Higroton® it decreased by 50.7mg/24h. These data could be useful for the management of patients with excretory hypercalciuria or hypoparathyroidism.

Health-Care Costs, Glycemic Control and Nutritional Status in Malnourished Older Diabetics Treated with a Hypercaloric Diabetes-Specific Enteral Nutritional Formula.

Diabetes-specific formulas are an effective alternative for providing nutrients and maintaining glycemic control. This study assesses the effect of treatment with an oral enteral nutrition with a hypercaloric diabetes-specific formula (HDSF) for one year, on health-care resources use, health-care costs, glucose control and nutritional status, in 93 type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) malnourished patients. Changes in health-care resources use and health-care costs were collected the year before and during the year of intervention. Glucose status and nutritional laboratory parameters were analyzed at baseline and one-year after the administration of HDSF. The administration of HDSF was significantly associated with a reduced use of health-care resources, fewer hospital admissions (54.7%; p < 0.001), days spent at hospital (64.1%; p < 0.001) and emergency visits (57.7%; p < 0.001). Health-care costs were reduced by 65.6% (p < 0.001) during the intervention. Glycemic control (short- and long-term) and the need of pharmacological treatment did not change, while some nutritional parameters were improved at one year (albumin: +10.6%, p < 0.001; hemoglobin: +6.4%, p = 0.026). In conclusion, using HDSF in malnourished older type-2 diabetic patients may allow increasing energy intake while maintaining glucose control and improving nutritional parameters. The use of health-care resources and costs were significantly reduced during the nutritional intervention.